PhD in Evolutionary Genetics (Montpellier II) : Resistance to insecticides (mosquito and fly models). Post-doctoral training at the University of Zürich (Switzerland) : Sex-determination in D. melanogaster (differential migration of polar cells between sexes). Assistant professor (1991-2004) : Institute of Resarch on Insect Biology (IRBI), University of Tours. (Research themes : Homeogenes and development of parasitoid wasps ; Sex-determination of parasitoid wasps ; Interactions between hosts and endoparasitoids, notably regarding immunity). Full professor (since 2004) : Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis. Research : Innate immunity of insects (Drosophila, Aphids) against parasitoids ; Symbiotic interactions in aphids and impact on immunity ; Functional analysis of endoparasitoid wasps' venom, venomics, experimental evolution of virulence and venom.